这篇论文用BOUNDARY_SYNC协议发现LLM智能体交流越多想法越趋同，对设计多智能体系统很有启发。
BOUNDARY_SYNC协议通过耦合放大因子(CAF=JSD_cond/JSD_baseline)测量多智能体LLM系统的表示耦合。在GPT-4o实验(N=30,约9900次API调用)中，文本通信导致显著同质化(CAF=0.803, p<0.001)。图像通信也出现同质化(CAF=0.834)。群组规模K=5时同质化，K=3时出现分化趋势(CAF>1.0)。跨模型复现显示极端变异(CAF 0.034-0.803)，且耦合由提示上下文驱动而非累积更新。
BOUNDARY_SYNC: Measuring Communication-Induced Representational Coupling in Multi-Agent LLM Systems
As large language models (LLMs) are deployed as communicating agents, does inter-agent communication cause outputs to converge? We introduce BOUNDARY_SYNC, a protocol measuring representational coupling via the Coupling Amplification Factor (CAF = JSD_cond / JSD_baseline), where CAF < 1 indicates homogenization and CAF > 1 indicates diversification. In controlled GPT-4o experiments (N=30, ~9,900 API calls), we measure coupling in text and image communication. Key findings: (1) text communication causes significant homogenization (CAF=0.803 [0.740, 0.873], d=1.30, p<0.001), confirmed by no-communication ablation and prompt-perturbation controls; (2) image communication also homogenizes under within-modality baselines (CAF=0.834 [0.811, 0.858]), with comparable proportional effect; (3) group size moderates coupling direction -- K=5 produces homogenization while K=3 yields CAF > 1.0 (point estimates 1.14 and 1.06, CI pending), suggesting a directional shift toward diversification; (4) cross-model replication shows extreme variation (CAF 0.034-0.803), with DeepSeek dominated by format artifacts; (5) coupling is stateless -- driven by prompt context rather than cumulative updating, with continuous consensus producing monotonic convergence. These results establish LLM agent coupling as real, measurable, and controllable at the prompt level, with direct implications for multi-agent system design.