这篇论文给去中心化下了个清晰定义，还搞了两个新指标，能自动算系统去中心化程度。搞联邦学习或区块链的可以看看，比之前那些模糊说法靠谱。
该论文提出去中心化问题，指计算机通信系统中缺乏普遍接受的定义。作者引入基于图的本体论，将去中心化定义为关系性和主体特定属性，并区分于分布。提出两个新指标：Void Tolerance和Imperviousness，用于评估系统。提供浏览器实现，可自动分类和计算任意系统的指标。在联邦学习和区块链架构上的实例验证显示一致、可比较的评估结果。
Decentralization as a concept in computer science has existed for over half a century. Despite its fundamental role across domains such as security, distributed computing, artificial intelligence, cloud infrastructures, and Internet of Things (IoT) architectures, there remains no universally accepted definition of decentralization applicable across computer communication systems. This has become increasingly problematic with the emergence of decentralized AI and machine learning paradigms, including collaborative training, distributed inference, blockchain-based, and agentic AI, where decentralization is often treated as a core design objective. Meanwhile, existing approaches frequently conflate decentralization with related notions such as distribution of trust or specific implementation paradigms. Such ambiguity creates inconsistencies in system analysis, limits comparability between works, and weakens the rigor of formal reasoning surrounding communication architectures and protocol design. In this work, we define this research gap as the Decentralization Problem. We analyze the formal-semantic, epistemological, and pragmatic foundations of decentralization and introduce a graph-based ontology defining it as both relational and subject-specific property of computer communication systems. The framework formally distinguishes decentralization from distribution and supports evaluation through two novel metrics: Void Tolerance and Imperviousness. We also provide a browser-based implementation that enables automated classification and metric computation of arbitrary systems. Instantiations to federated learning and blockchain architectures show consistent, comparable assessments where existing definitions produce incomplete or contradictory conclusions, providing a domain-independent foundation for analysing decentralization across heterogeneous systems.