arXiv论文提出多项式时间算法，从匿名实验盲发现热力学本体论
Blind Thermodynamic Ontology Discovery from Anonymous Experiments
不告诉算法传感器测的是什么，它也能反推出热力学变量结构，NIST WebBook六种流体上验证通过
一篇 arXiv 论文提出多项式时间算法，在传感器只输出未知线性混合信号时，从复制对比中提取广延量与强度量标度扇区，并通过热接触与互易性恢复二者的对偶配对。算法用离散循环凹性验证全局容许的凹势函数，并证明残余观测等价严格限于 (x, lambda) ~ (A x, a A^{-T} lambda + beta)，这是任何允许实验都无法打破的观测极限。盲评测在 van der Waals 流体和 Curie-Weiss 磁体上进行，病态混合下仍能稳健恢复，正确解析匿名的 Maxwell 连线并拒绝非平衡延拓。外部验证覆盖 NIST WebBook 的六种真实流体，表明这套本体发现方法可跨真实物质迁移且不泄漏坐标系。
Blind Thermodynamic Ontology Discovery from Anonymous Experiments
Before a machine learning model can learn a thermodynamic equation of state, it must discover what its measurements represent: which channels scale with system size, which are intensive conjugates, how sectors pair through contact, and which potential governs stability. When sensors expose only an unknown linear mixture of extensive states and intensive responses, passive observations cannot disentangle physical quantities from coordinate artifacts. We formulate the problem of discovering this hidden thermodynamic ontology directly from anonymous controlled experiments. We present an operational identifiability theory and a constructive polynomial-time algorithm that extracts extensive and intensive scaling sectors from replication contrasts, recovers their dual cotangent pairing from thermal contact and reciprocity, verifies a globally admissible concave potential via discrete cyclic concavity, and determines an invariant matroid of reservoir ensembles. We prove that the residual observational equivalence is strictly (x, lambda) ~ (A x, a A^{-T} lambda + beta), establishing the sharp observational limit that no permitted experiment can break. Blind evaluations on van der Waals fluids and Curie-Weiss magnets confirm robust recovery under ill-conditioned mixing, correctly resolving anonymous Maxwell tie-lines while rejecting non-equilibrium continuations. External validation across six real fluids from the NIST WebBook demonstrates that operational ontology discovery transfers across real physical substances without coordinate leakage.