这篇论文从哲学和理论层面分析了为什么有些事AI再强也替代不了人，不是技术不行，而是目标本身就得人参与才能定义。看完会重新理解自动化的真正边界。
这篇论文挑战了自动化可以无限取代人类的假设，提出了人类参与即使在高能力AI系统中也会持续存在的三种原因。技术互补性理由指出人类提供了AI无法替代的能力或视角。规范性或发展性理由强调参与本身对人类能动性和学习的价值。最关键的是目标涌现理由：某些活动的目标并非事先完全确定，而是通过交互本身涌现，此时人类参与构成了目标的一部分。论文基于这些论点论证了人机共同构建不是对不完美AI的临时应对，而是某些活动的持久特征。
The Boundaries of Automation: A Theory of Persistent Human Participation
The rapid progress of AI has intensified the long-standing pursuit of automation: replacing human participation with algorithms wherever possible. Implicit in this pursuit is the assumption that humans remain in the loop only because current AI systems are not yet sufficiently capable. This paper challenges that assumption. Rather than asking how far automation can extend, we ask where its conceptual limits lie and argue that human participation may persist even with highly capable AI systems for three distinct reasons. Technical or complementarity grounds arise when humans contribute capabilities or perspectives unavailable to AI. Normative or developmental grounds arise when participation itself is valuable for human agency or learning. Most importantly, emergence grounds arise from target emergence: in some activities, the target is not fully specified in advance but instead emerges through the interaction itself. In these cases, human participation is not merely a means of improving execution but is constitutive of the target being produced. Human--AI co-construction, understood as the joint production of outcomes by humans and AI systems, is therefore not simply a temporary response to imperfect AI, but a persistent feature of activities whose objectives emerge through participation. This perspective has important implications for the limits of automation and for the design, evaluation, and ethics of future AI systems.