做核反应堆数字孪生或CFD代理模型的团队，这篇给出了针对特定几何的完整框架对比和选型指南，可以直接参考其多尺度L-DeepONet方案。
该研究提出一种结合降阶模型与神经算子的集成框架，用于小型模块化反应堆中螺旋管蒸汽发生器的CFD级瞬态分析。研究比较了两种降阶策略（MLP自编码器与卷积自编码器）分别耦合DeepONet构建潜在DeepONet，并引入多尺度技术缓解频谱偏差，成功预测了卡门涡街的瞬时周期动力学。FNO及其多尺度变体则能可靠预测时均流场和压降。该工作为数字孪生场景下根据CFD数据类型和所需流场分辨率选择合适架构提供了实用指南。
Neural Operator-Based Surrogate Model for CFD:Helical Coil Steam Generator in Small Modular Reactor
Real-time thermal-hydraulic simulation is essential for digital twin (DT) technology that supports the safe and efficient operation of small modular reactors (SMRs). Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) provides high-fidelity flow analysis, but its computational cost prevents direct use in DT applications. AI-based surrogate modeling has been actively investigated to address this limitation, yet neural operator--based surrogates for CFD-level transient analysis of SMR-specific geometries have not been reported. This study presents an integrated framework that combines a reduced-order model (ROM) with neural operators, applied to the helical coil steam generator (HCSG) of the System-integrated Modular Advanced Reactor (SMART). Two ROM strategies tailored to each CFD data type were compared, an MLP-based autoencoder (AE) for unstructured mesh data and a convolutional autoencoder (CAE) for structured mesh data, and each was coupled with the deep operator network (DeepONet) to construct the latent DeepONet (L-DeepONet). The Fourier neural operator (FNO) was additionally adopted for comparison. A multi-scale technique was incorporated into both frameworks to mitigate spectral bias and improve the prediction of Kármán vortex streets developing inside the HCSG. The multi-scale L-DeepONet captured the instantaneous periodic vortex dynamics in both velocity and pressure fields, while the FNO and its multi-scale variant predicted the time-averaged mean flow and provided reliable pressure drop estimates. These complementary characteristics provide a practical model-selection guideline that links each architecture to specific DT objectives based on CFD data type and the required level of flow resolution.